Phase I Survey of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Visitors Center Property

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Management Summary

Between August 19 and October 22, 1998, the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation's Department of Archaeological Research conducted a Phase I survey of land within and around Colonial Williamsburg's Visitor Center, the Group Arrivals Building facilities, the Child Care Center and the auxiliary parking lot. Over one hundred eighty 50 x 50-cm test holes and forty-three standard shovel test pits were used to investigate six separate areas. This survey uncovered five archaeological sites, including two prehistoric Native American, one late eighteenth-early nineteenth century, and two early nineteenth-century sites. As a result of these findings the following recommendations are given to further work prior to any construction activities for the Visitor Center expansion and refurbishment.

Site 1

Site 1 dates to the early nineteenth century and is probably a small farmstead. This site is located on a terrace twenty meters north of the Colonial Williamsburg Child Center parking lot. Site 1 contained one piece of whiteware (post-1820), wine bottle glass, slate, and several pieces of brick. The site covers an area of 400 square meters (0.09 acre). A Phase II assessment should be completed in order to determine the boundaries, integrity and significance of this site.

Site 2

Two sites are located southeast of the Group Arrivals Building complex. The first, designated Site 2, dates to the early nineteenth century and is probably a small farmstead. The site is 1400 square meters (0.36 acres) in size. Artifacts recovered from the units included whiteware, brick, and unidentifiable ceramic, iron and lead pieces. In addition several subsurface features including postholes were identified. A Phase II assessment should be completed in order to determine the boundaries, integrity and significance of this site.

Site 3

The second site located southeast of the Group Arrivals Building is a Native American site designated Site 3. Artifacts associated with this prehistoric occupation included one oyster shell, nine quartzite pebbles, one piece of quartzite fire cracked rock, a quartzite drill, four pieces of quartzite debitage, and one piece of worked quartzite. The site measures 2400 square meters (0.59 acres) in area. At this point, it appears that this site dates to the Archaic Period (10,000-3000 B.P.). A Phase II assessment should be completed in order to determine the boundaries, integrity and significance of this site.

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Site 4

A mid-eighteenth/early nineteenth-century site is located south of perimeter road for the Visitor Center's Blue Parking Lot. The site is 4250 square meters (1.05 acres) in area. Domestic artifacts found here include refined earthenware, whiteware, creamware, pearlware, Fulham stoneware, table glass, pharmaceutical glass, wine bottle glass and colored glass. Architectural remains include wrought nails, window glass, and brick. The only faunal artifacts found were several oyster shells. Three quartzite stones and three pieces of quartzite debitage may indicate Site 4 contains a prehistoric component. This site may be related to the slave quarter that was identified in 1996 near the tennis courts associated with the Williamsburg Woodlands, and could prove highly significant. A Phase II assessment should be completed in order to determine the boundaries, integrity and significance of this site.

Site 5

A significant Native American site, designated Site 5, is located on a terrace east of the "Red" (auxiliary) parking lot. Artifacts recovered in this area include net impressed Native American ceramics, one burned Native American ceramic sherd, fire cracked rock, brick, mortar, wine bottle glass, white-ware, a nail fragment and coal. The fire cracked rock and the Native American ceramics indicate that this plateau harbored a Native American encampment dating to the Middle Woodland Period (2500-1000 B.P.). Site 5 measures 200 square meters (0.05 acres) in area. The site should be avoided during the planned parking lot removal and reforestation of this area. The site is currently not threatened by construction activities. If the current construction plans are altered, a Phase II assessment should be completed in order to determine the boundaries, integrity and significance of this site.

Additional Recommendations

Current plans included significant modifications to the "Green" and "Blue" parking lots north and south of the Visitor Center. During this process Department of Archaeological Research personnel should be present to monitor any adverse affects to archaeological remains lying beneath the present parking lot.

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Table of Contents

• Page
• Management Summaryi
• List of Figuresv
• Acknowledgementsvii
• Chapter 1. Introduction1
• Environmental Setting2
• Previous Archaeology2
• Chapter 2. Prehistoric and Historic Background5
• Prehistoric Overview5
• The Paleoindian Period5
• The Archaic Period6
• The Woodland Period8
• Historical Overview12
• Chapter 3. Research Design15
• Phase I Survey Objectives15
• Methods15
• Excavation Procedures15
• Laboratory Procedures18
• Artifact Storage18
• Chapter 4. Site Descriptions and Recommendations19
• Area A: No Archaeological Sites19
• Area B: Site 1 19
• Area C: Sites 2 and 320
• Area D: Site 421
• Area E: No Sites21
• Area F: Site 5 21
• Future Research22
• Bibliography25
• Appendix A: 1998 Visitor's Center Phase III Interim Report, by Maria Franklin27
• Appendix B: Artifact Inventory31

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List of Figures

• Page
• Figure 1. Areas tested in relation to existing Visitor Center1
• Figure 2. Areas A, B, and C16
• Figure 3. Areas D and E17
• Figure 4. Area F17
• Figure 5. Map depicting land ownership27
• Figure 6. Brick hearth at 44WB9028
• Figure 7. 44WB90 site plan28

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Acknowledgments

A variety of individuals contributed time and energy towards bringing this project to a successful conclusion. A dedicated field crew, including Carrie Alblinger, Joshua Beatty, Lily Richards and Lucie Vinceguerra, completed the field work in an efficient and timely manner. Donna Sawyers provided the artifact analysis.

David Muraca and Andrew Edwards contributed their expertise regarding interpretation of site data. Their patient guidance in the writing of this report was greatly appreciated.

Finally, those involved in the production of this report deserve particular and emphatic thanks. Gregory Brown and Tami Carsillo carefully edited the text and formatted the final version, while Heather Harvey produced the soil profiles and maps.

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Chapter 1.
Introduction

This report will discuss the results of a Phase I survey conducted by Colonial Williamsburg Foundation's Department of Archaeological Research (D.A.R.) in response to a request by Beatrix Rumford, the project manager for the renovation of the Colonial Williamsburg Visitor Center. The development plans call for the refurbishment and expansion of the entire Visitor Center complex including the Williamsburg Woodlands. The resulting construction activities may adversely affect any unidentified archaeological resources present in the area. The Phase I survey was intended to identify archaeological sites within the areas scheduled to be impacted by construction activities (Figure 1). Also included in this report is a summary of the results from the 1998 excavations of a late eighteenth-century slave quarter (44WB90). This Phase III excavation explored a slave dwelling located on the "Palace Lands." The results of this large-scale investigation hinted at the potential archaeological resources that may be uncovered through further investigations in the areas surrounding the Visitor Center.

Figure 1. Areas tested in relation to existing Visitor Center.

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Environmental Setting

Each of the six areas investigated during this survey warrants specific environmental description. Area A is located north of the Group Arrivals Building and the Colonial Williamsburg Child Care Center. A steep undulating ravine forms the north, east and west boundaries of this area. A stream originating from a spring in the Historic Area flows along the bottom of this ravine. The area is highly disturbed due to leveling activities associated with the construction of the Visitor Center parking lot and the Group Arrivals Building. The stratigraphy reflects earthmoving activities and fill dumped into the ravine. Mounds of concrete and brick rubble and other debris were found along the slope of this ravine, while mature deciduous trees and mixed secondary growth vegetation inhabit this area.

The topography in Area B, located northeast of the Child Care Center parking lot, slops gently toward the northeast into a ravine and then up onto a narrow terrace of land running north to south. Vegetation is very similar to that found in Area A.

Area C is located south of the Group Arrivals Building and is bounded on the northwest, west and southwest with the same ravine and stream that bounds Area A. A picnic area and associated shelter are located near the southern end of Area C. The soil stratigraphy in this area is intact. Vegetation consists of a mature deciduous forest toward the north while a mature pine forest grows toward the southern end. A ten-centimeter-thick pine needle mat covers the topsoil under the pine forest.

Area D is wooded with a mature growth of pine, live oak, and American holly along with moderate secondary vegetation. Soils consist of friable sandy clay loam and sandy clay subsoil. The area lies upon a terrace bounded by the Blue Parking Lot perimeter road to the north and a rugged slope that descends toward the Colonial Parkway toward the south. There were no significant signs of soil disturbance in this area.

The fifth area surveyed, Area E, lies in the landscaped terrace nestled between the driveway for Commonwealth Hall, the Visitor Center Building, and the access drives for the Blue and Green Parking Lots. Soil disturbance in this location was significant and no natural stratigraphy remained. Large oak trees, holly, boxwoods and well-manicured grass typify the vegetation found here.

The final area investigated, Area F, includes cleared and forested land surrounding the auxiliary Visitor Center Parking Lot. A ravine bounds this area from the northeast to the northwest. Much of Area F was disturbed due to leveling activities associated with the construction of the parking lot. In addition, fill was brought in and planted with grass to provide a scenic vista from the Governor's Palace.

Previous Archaeology

Site 44WB90 was identified in June 1996 during a Phase I survey of eighteen acres behind the Colonial Williamsburg Visitor Center. The current survey is a continuation of this work in areas not investigated during 1996.

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Consequent Phase II and ongoing Phase III investigations at 44WB90 have identified this site as a possible slave quarter associated with the Palace Lands. The Phase II assessment located two significant features including an irregular-shaped feature with burnt clay or brick in its fill and an English-bond brick hearth and associated robber's trench. The hearth and artifact distribution maps suggested that large-scale excavation would be necessary. Details regarding the work conducted thus far can be found in Appendix A.

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Chapter 2.
Prehistoric and Historic Background

Prehistoric Overview

Native American culture, prior to European contact, can be divided into three main periods: the Paleoindian, the Archaic, and the Woodland. The Paleoindian stage of cultural development lasted from 12,000-10,000 BP (years before present). The Archaic stage lasted from 10,000-3200 BP and is subdivided into three separate stages of cultural development--Early Archaic (10,000-8500 BP), Middle Archaic (8500-5000 BP), and Late Archaic (5000-3200 BP). The Woodland period lasted from 3200-400 BP and is also subdivided into three cultural stages--Early Woodland (3200-2500 BP), Middle Woodland (2500-1100 BP), and Late Woodland (1100-400 BP). Each of these stages of Native American prehistory are marked by notable socio-cultural and material changes.

The Paleoindian Period (12,000-10,000 BP)

Debate has long raged within the academic community over the date and method of human settlement of North America. Current research places the earliest definitive inhabitation of the United States at around 12,000-10,000 BP. The most likely point of entry for these first inhabitants of the North American continent is from Asia via the Bering Land Bridge (Brown et al. 1986; Turner 1989).

Paleoindians arrived in Virginia around 10,000 BP. During this time, the Pleistocene era, the last of the ice ages, was coming to an end. The climate shifted dramatically, with warmer temperatures and decreased precipitation. These shifts exposed large sections of the continental shelf which were previously and are currently under water. The forests became dominated by oak and pine. Large game animals like the mammoth and mastodon were replaced by smaller modern animals such as the deer, turkey, and turtle (Metz et al. 1998). This shifting climate greatly influenced the lifeways of the Paleoindians, turning them away from big game hunting and toward the gathering of plant food and hunting of small game (Blanton and Kandle 1997).

Paleoindians changed their settlement patterns and tool kits to fit their environment. They lived in band level societies operating across a large, relatively fixed area (Blanton and Kandle 1997). They utilized small base camps and outlying hunting camps, both on a temporary basis. Generally these sites were chosen based on the availability of both rock for tool making (essentially jasper and quartz) and animals for hunting. Very few of these sites have been discovered in Virginia, the notable exceptions being the Thunderbird and Flint Run Paleoindian Complex sites in northwestern Virginia and the Williamson site in Dinwiddie County (Turner 1989). No substantial sites have been uncovered in the Williamsburg area, though individual points relating to the Paleoindian period have been located in disturbed contexts, particularly plowzone (Brown et al. 1986).

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The most common component of the Paleoindian tool kit uncovered by archaeologists is the projectile point and flakes related to its manufacture. The earliest projectile point unearthed in Virginia is the Clovis Point. These predate "Dalton-Hardaway" points and are the most heavily represented point type on early sites in Virginia. The Clovis is a relatively thin point, lanceolate and fluted, with a concave base and lateral and sometimes basal thinning (Johnson 1989). The Dalton point (one of which was uncovered during archaeological excavations at the Bruton Heights School site in Williamsburg) is a broad, thin blade with finely serrated edges, a slight excurvature, and a sharp point. The appearance of Dalton points indicates a shift in technology from a Clovis-dominated tool kit to one that contained tools designed for specific purposes (Metz et al. 1998).

Paleoindian sites are rare around Williamsburg and on the Peninsula in general. No intact stratigraphic sites exist in the Tidewater and most of the points recovered are from heavily plowed areas. This has to do partially with the fact that the jasper and quartz, so attractive to Paleoindians for tool making, are not available in significant quantities in the area. Additionally, many of the areas in the Tidewater that would have been habitable during the late Pleistocene are now covered with water. Therefore, any analysis of Paleoindian culture on the Virginia Peninsula comes from the examination of the dozen or so points recovered in isolation on unstratified sites (Blanton and Kandle 1997; Brown et al. 1986; Reinhart 1989).

The Archaic Period (10,000-3200 BP)

The Archaic period is marked by a shift from the late Ice Age environment of the Pleistocene to the more modern environment of the Holocene. Populations increased during this period, leaving behind a richer and more complex archaeological record than their forebears.

Early Archaic (10,000-8500 BP)

As with the Paleoindian period, there is great debate surrounding the Early Archaic period. Many scholars argue that because it shares much in common culturally with the Paleoindian period, the Early Archaic should be subsumed within it (Blanton and Kandle 1997; Brown et al. 1986). Indeed, the climate and environment remained much the same, with similar boreal forests populated with the same game animals and food resources (Custer 1990). For the purposes of this paper, however, a more traditional approach will be taken in which the years from 10,000-8500 BP are contained within the Archaic period.

The Early Archaic had much in common culturally with the Paleoindian period. Inhabitants of Virginia continued to organize themselves in band level societies. Settlement patterns remained much the same, with base and hunting camps over a large but well defined area. During this period some larger base camps were established along the Chickahominy and James Rivers (Brown et al. 1986).

There were changes in the basic tool kit during the Early Archaic period. Projectile points became corner notched and serrated. The earliest of these corner notched points is the Palmer point, which was in use circa 10,000 BP. This was followed by the Kirk Notched, which became a part of the tool kit around 9300 BP. The Kirk Stemmed point is the latest of these new points, coming into existence circa 9000 BP (Custer 1990). Less common notched points from the period include Kessell, Charleston, and Amos. The primary use for these points continued to be the procurement of animals, though tools such as stone adzes and grinding slabs become a part of the tool kit during the Early Archaic as well (Blanton and Kandle 1997).

As with the Paleoindian period, very few Early Archaic sites on the Peninsula have been discovered and/or investigated archaeologically (Custer 1990). There are no known sites with intact stratigraphy on the James/York Peninsula. Lack of data is a key factor in the continuing debate about where exactly the Early Archaic belongs in the cultural and temporal record.

Middle Archaic (8500-5000 BP)

The most significant changes during the Middle Archaic were environmental. Warmer, moister temperatures and greater seasonal variation led to changes in Native American settlement patterns. They continued to live in band level societies, occupying temporary camps in search of food, but the habitats in which they settled became more varied (Blanton and Kandle 1997; Custer 1990). For the first time, inhabitants of the Holocene moved into the upland interiors of Virginia. There are two possible explanations for this move to the uplands. The first is related to shrinking group territories due to increased population (Blanton and Kandle 1997). The second is related to the spread of deciduous trees into new areas due to climatic changes. This increase in deciduous trees led to an increase in the number of productive habitats which could be taken advantage of by native inhabitants. It is quite likely that these two causes worked in tandem to draw Native Virginians into the upland areas (Custer 1990).

Tool kits also changed during the Middle Archaic period. There was a move during this period away from the use of highly localized quality jasper and quartz and toward the use of local stone for tool making. It was also during this period that "bifurcate" forms came into use, followed by Stanley, Morrow Mountain, Guilford, and Halifax points. These stone points were of much lower quality than the tools of the Paleoindian and Early Archaic periods (Custer 1990). The Middle Archaic also saw an increase in the use of more informal tools geared toward the high mobility of a band level society (Blanton and Kandle 1997).

The Middle Archaic period has, like the Early Archaic, left little evidence behind to guide us toward an understanding of its culture. This is especially true of the Tidewater area. Coastal flooding and the rising sea level have most likely destroyed many of the sites on the James/York Peninsula. There is speculation that the lack of sites may also be related to poor survey coverage of the area (Custer 1990). The closest Middle Archaic site to the Peninsula is the Slade site in southeastern Virginia, which included bifurcate points and a human burial with associated burial goods including an end and side scraper and a chipped stone adze (Geier 1990). Enough is known about the Middle Archaic to classify it as the "beginning of a continuum of cultural adaptation which concludes with the establishment of 8 a network of highly adapted localized Hunter Gatherer communities during the Late Archaic" (Geier 1990: 84).

Late Archaic (5000-3200 BP)

Here we find those highly adapted and localized hunter-gatherers of whom Geier spoke. They, unlike their predecessors, had the advantage of living in a fully developed Holocene environment with stabilized estuaries and sea levels. According to Dent (1995), this led to a scheduled and seasonal procurement of food, or what is known as a collectors strategy (cited in Blanton and Kandle 1997).

Inhabitants of the Late Archaic period established semi-permanent base camps at stream heads on upper terraces and on the gently sloping south sides of lower terraces (Blanton and Kandle 1997; Mouer 1991). These camps were not permanent settlements though some were used repeatedly over the course of many seasons. Inhabitants also continued to frequent outlying camps for the purposes of hunting animals and gathering plants. During this time, Native Americans became highly adapted to the deciduous forest environment of the Holocene, settling in areas where the soils are best suited to the growth of large stands of nut-bearing hardwoods. Nuts were a key element of the Late Archaic diet, along with turkey and deer. Because of this, most sites in Virginia are clustered around the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains (Mouer 1991).

Though not to the same extent as earlier, there continues to be a dearth of information left behind by residents of the James York Peninsula during the Late Archaic period. Obviously Native Americans were living in the area, as evidenced by the Deep Bottom site on the James River and the Keck, Reynolds Alvis, Nase, and Posnick sites on the Chickahominy River (all in Henrico County). However, the most archetypal site from the period is the Halifax Complex in the Virginia/North Carolina Piedmont. The site is named for the diagnostic Halifax points found there. The Halifax point, along with the Lamoka, Lackawaxen, Brewerton, and others, is highly representative of the period (Mouer 1991). Other tools which find there way into the tool kit included ground stone axes, carved stone bowls, and stone drills.

Mouer (1991) would argue that a large part of the Late Archaic should actually be classified as the Transitional period (roughly 4500-3200 BP), a term first coined by Witthoft in 1953. The argument for this classification is that during this Transitional period inhabitants of the Late Archaic became increasingly riverine, meaning they settled along and relied heavily upon rivers. The Transitional period is also earmarked by the appearance of soapstone bowls and "broad spear" points (Mouer 1991). Although the Transitional period is classified within the Late Archaic, it is important to note that this riverine adaptation and change in tool technology occurred around 4500 BP. It is at this time that large shell middens first appear, marking Native Americans new reliance on rivers and their inhabitants.

The Woodland Period (3200-400 BP)

The Woodland Period is the best understood of the three major periods of Virginia prehistory. Significant advances, both technological and cultural, occurred during this period. During the Woodland phase, population greatly increased, ceramic vessels were first produced, certain plants were domesticated, and inhabitants moved from band to tribal and finally to chiefdom level social organization. It is, like the Archaic, divided into three sub-periods.

Early Woodland (3200-2500 BP)

The Early Woodland saw the expansion and intensification of the native subsistence base (Hodges 1991). Though in some ways it continued to be like the Late Archaic, especially in the reliance on rivers and particularly fish and oysters, several significant changes did occur during the Early Woodland.

Residence of the Early Woodland made the move toward more sedentary living, while continuing to utilize outlying hunting camps (Blanton and Kandle 1997; Hodges 1991; Mouer 1991). It was during this period that groups began to utilized more circumscribed territories. Mouer (1991) argues that they also instated buffer zones, which were not settled by any particular group, but which were used by a variety of groups and separated one "territory" from another. It is also likely that during this time more extensive trade networks were developed over larger areas with active trade occurring between groups within these newly-developed buffer zones (Blanton and Kandle 1997; Mouer 1991).

Essential to the characterization of the Early Woodland is the introduction of ceramic bowls. This technology provides a solid material departure from the Late Archaic period. The nomenclature and technical distinctions between different ware types is quite complex, but coil built, cord marked, sand and/or soapstone tempered ceramics are common finds on Early Woodlands archaeological sites (Mouer 1991).

Although there are few sites across the Peninsula, their numbers increase from the Chickahominy River west. For the most part, these "sites" are likely outlying hunting camps, as evidenced by the shell middens located at York River State Park (Blanton and Kandle 1997). Mouer (1991) posits that perhaps part of the coastal plain was contained within one of the previously mentioned buffer zones, explaining why small encampments, rather than more sedentary village sites, have been located. It is quite possible that the area was used extensively for trade and food procurement, but not settled, even semi-permanently, by any one group.

Middle Woodland (2500-1100 BP)

It is during the Middle Woodland period that native populations of Virginia began organizing themselves into tribal rather than band level societies. This is by far the most significant of the transitions that occurred during a period fraught with change. Many of the cultural traits we recognize as "Native American" came into existence during this middle phase of the Woodland period.

Stewart (1992) defines two basic phases of cultural and material development for the Virginia coastal area during the Middle Woodland period. Middle Woodland I is represented by Popes Creek and related ceramics and lasted from 2500 to 1800 BP. The second phase, Middle Woodland II, is represented by Mockley and Mockley-like ceramics and lasted from 1800 to 1100 BP. Although there is an abundance of ceramics during this period, including Prince George and Varna, Popes Creek and Mockley are the most telling. Generally they are shell tempered and coarse and are found throughout the Coastal Plain.

During this period relatively extensive trade networks in ceramics and stone for tool production developed across Virginia. The coastal plain of Virginia is a part of a pan-Mid-Atlantic culture in the sense that its ceramic patterns are similar to sites from Maryland to the James River. This argues for a degree of cultural homogeneity, perhaps caused by the use of ceramic ware distribution in order to foster inter-group cooperation. (Blanton and Kandle 1997; McLearen 1992; Stewart 1992). This indicates a much more highly developed trade and communication network than was seen in the Archaic or Early Woodland periods.

Subsistence patterns remained much the same as the Early Woodland with a continued heavy reliance on local plants, small game, and fish and oysters from local rivers. However, for the first time, inhabitants of the Middle Woodland began to selectively nurture, or possibly even domesticate, local plants (Blanton and Kandle 1997, Stewart 1992). This domestication, however rudimentary, was absolutely essential to the development of the Late Woodland's more intensive agriculture.

Settlement patterns also varied only slightly from those of the Early Woodland. People continued to live in semi-sedentary base camps with satellite collector sites (Blanton and Kandle 1997). The larger base camps were located in settings where a variety of plant and animal resources were readily available. Often this meant near a salt/fresh water interface. The smaller satellite camps were then placed along streams and used for collecting during various parts of the year. Populations of each group or "tribe" were supervised by an achieved-status Big Man who managed their communal subsistence projects (Stewart 1992).

Middle Woodland sites are much more abundant than Early Woodland sites. The 1992 excavations at the Locust Grove Tract at Carter's Grove Plantation revealed both a Middle Woodland hearth and a separate procurement site (Moodey 1992). The best-known sites on the coastal plain are the Maycocks Point, Hatch, and Irwin sites in Prince George County, and the Diascund Creek and Aignon #3 sites in New Kent County (McLearen 1992). Although much more is known about the Middle Woodland than previous periods, it is still relatively untouched archaeologically.

Late Woodland (1100-400 BP)

The Late Woodland is the best understood of all Virginia's pre-contact periods. It was during this period that native Virginians made the move toward sedentary village life and established first a tribal level of social organization and later in the period a chiefdom.

According to Turner (1992), the Late Woodland is best characterized as a period of rapid change. The period saw "an increase in the importance of agriculture and local lifeways accompanied by increased population, larger, sedentary villages, and increasingly complex means of social integration" (Turner 1992: 97). Throughout much of the period, native populations lived in tribal organizations, with groups of 1000 or less residing most of the year in sedentary villages. Ties were established along kinship lines and status was achieved. It wasn't until near the end of the period, around 1600, that chiefdoms began to emerge (Blanton and Kandle 1997). The Algonquian Powhatan represent the culmination of the changes which occurred on the coastal plain during the Late Woodland, becoming the dominant chiefdom on the Virginia coastal plain (Turner 1992).

Economically, the inhabitants of the Late Woodland established a sophisticated collector system based on hunter-gatherer technology augmented by agriculture and a highly-refined understanding of local resources and their availability. Native Americans planted beans, pumpkins, squash, and maize using a form of agriculture known as "swidden" in which fields are cleared from the forest and used on a rotating basis (Blanton and Kandle 1997; Turner 1992). With the rise of chiefdoms, a more sophisticated society, and increased population, cultivated plants (along with deer skins, mussel shells, etc.) were not only important for their nutritional value, but also as statements of wealth. By the end of the Woodland period, smoked oysters were being used as trade/tribute (Barfield and Barber 1992).

Shell-tempered wares dominated the Late Woodland period. There was quite a bit of ceramic variability throughout the Tidewater, though shell-tempered Chickahominy ware was known generally throughout the area. Chickahominy was accompanied by another shell-tempered ware, Townsend, which was often fabric impressed or incised. However, by the end of the Late Woodland a plain type Townsend ware is found to the exclusion of other wares in the Tidewater, and specifically in the core of what was the Powhatan Chiefdom, namely the confluence of the Pamunkey and Mattaponi, and along the York River and portions of the lower Rappahannock (Turner 1992).

By the end of the Late Woodland the Tidewater area was dominated by the Powhatan chiefdom. The James and Upper York drainages became the domain of the Powhatan and included six petty chiefdoms. When necessary, the Powhatan used force to subsume what amounted to thirty-two native groups into their chiefdom, though it is thought that their hold over these groups was probably tenuous (Blanton and Kandle 1997). A system of tribute was instated, with the chief of the Powhatan living and receiving tribute in a sedentary village such as Werowocommoco on the York River (Barfield and Barber 1992).

The Virginia coastal plain during the Late Woodland, according to Turner (1992), is better represented archaeologically than most of eastern North America. Site 44JC398, located on the Chickahominy River, represents a Powhatan village occupied prior to and just after European contact (Blanton and Kandle 1997). White Oak Point (44WM119) contains a well preserved shell midden and faunal dumping ground. The Addingon site (44VB9) represents a spring and summer fishery (Barfield and Barber 1992). Although there remains a relative lack of stratified sites which have been excavated and interpreted, the remains of stratigraphically-disturbed camp sites have been located throughout James City and York Counties. However, the Late Woodland and Protohistoric eras continue to take a back seat to historic sites in the Tidewater area. (Brown et al. 1986).

All in all, the Late Woodland represents a fascinating period of Virginia prehistory. Supplemented by oral histories and observations of the first Europeans in Virginia, the archaeological record of the Late Woodland provides a interesting look into a sophisticated civilization with complex social, economic, and political organization.

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Historical Overview

The office of the governor of Virginia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries embodied several attractive perquisites, not the least of which was the landed estate that came with the office. Three thousand acres near Jamestown were set aside in 1618 by the Virginia Company to provide income and a residence for Governor Yeardley and his successors. The governor lived on part of the land while the remainder was rented to provide valuable revenue to the governor throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth-centuries until the Revolution.

The governor's residence was moved to Williamsburg shortly after the capital was moved to the site of Middle Plantation in 1699. The Governor's Palace was built on a seventy-five acre tract partly in the city and partly in York County. The combined income from the Governor's Land and this parcel was more than adequate to support the residence and office of the Governor. In 1768, eighty-seven additional acres were purchased from the estate of Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier. This parcel consisted of two parcels, including fifty-two acres acquired in January 1760 from John and Elizabeth Ferguson and a thirty-five acre parcel acquired in May 1760 from Mathew Moody. Two hundred additional acres were added during the tenures of Lords Botetourt and Dunmore. By 1775, over three hundred sixty-four acres comprised the Palace Lands adjacent to Williamsburg. The College of William & Mary acquired both the Governor's Lands and the Palace Lands through an act of the General Assembly in 1784. By 1786, Edmund Randolph had acquired the Palace Lands through an unrecorded transaction and by 1790 the land had reverted back to the College. The Rev. Dr. Samuel Smith McCroskey purchased the three-hundred sixty-four acre Palace Lands tract from the College in June 1790. Rev. McCroskey served as Rector of Hungais Parish in Northhampton County from 1774 until his death in 1803 (Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Vol 9, 298).

The history of the Palace Lands during the nineteenth century revolves around a succession of medical doctors lawyers, and professors who resided in and outside Williamsburg. Using the Palace Lands Papers (1815-1866), a chain of title can be traced for this century. Robert F. N. Smith administrated the estate of Rev. Dr. McCroskey in 1815. Robert Saunders acquired the tract including all buildings at auction from the McCroskey estate for $11.50 an acre in 1816. The parcel was evidently passed on to his son Robert and his wife Lucy (daughter of Governor John Page) as they sold it to John and Amanda Gregory in 1838 for $3,000. As the son Robert was only eleven years old when his family acquired the land in 1816 the father Robert had to have passed it to him when he reached a more mature age. In 1833, Robert Saunders (the son) was made a professor of mathematics at William & Mary and in 1847 he was made president pro tem. He also served as the head of the Eastern State Lunatic Asylum prior to the Civil War (Tyler 1915:217). John M. Gregory graduated from the College of William & Mary with a law degree in 1830. He served James City County in the House of Delegates until 1841 when he was elected to the Council of State. He became lieutenant-governor in 1842 and acting governor in 1843. Gregory was appointed a district attorney and then Circuit Court judge in succeeding years. He retired from public service in 1880 and died in Williamsburg in 1888. The Gregorys' sold the Palace Lands for $3,300 to Dr. Samuel S. Griffin in July 1841. No biographical information regarding Dr. Griffin could be located. Apparently, Dr. Griffin sold the Palace Lands parcel to Dr. Van F. Garrett sometime prior to 1866 as a deed of life interest for a house in the tract was acquired by Lovey T. Jackson from Dr. Garrett in that year. Dr. Garrett was one of the Directors of the Eastern State Asylum and served as President pro tempore of its board during this time (Calendar of State Papers 1893:483). In 1904, the Southern Land Company received the Palace Lands (now called Garrett Farm) from Dr. Garrett for $5,000 (Palace Lands Papers 1815-1866, 1904).

The project area is included in the original seventy-five acre tract acquired by the Governor's Council in 1700. Only one site located thus far dates to the eighteenth century occupation of the property. Three other historical sites relate to the early nineteenth century ownership by the Saunders family. Documentary evidence indicates that these lands were used as pasturage, orchards, and farms. During the eighteenth century the land was known as "the park"(Gibbs 1980:5). The 1781 Desandrouins map depicts ravines, woodlands, cleared areas and some roads and outbuildings. It is highly likely that the property owners during the eighteenth century leased the land to others or had slaves farm parts of the land to support the governor's household. The property owners during the nineteenth century probably leased the property to farmers.

14 15

Chapter 3.
Research Design

Phase I Survey Objectives

The purpose of the Phase I survey was to locate and identify any archaeological sites on the property in anticipation of the proposed Visitor Center renovations and expansions scheduled to begin during the year 2000.

Methods

The testing strategy called for the stratigraphic excavation of 50 x 50 cm test units in a linear fashion throughout the Visitor Center tract. When a site was located additional units were excavated in a cross-shaped pattern in order to better understand the dimensions and date of the site. If time permitted, additional units were excavated in a systematic manner. The survey strategy provides for an adequate understanding of stratigraphy and site-specific information regarding artifacts and subsurface features.

Excavation Procedures

All artifacts were kept regardless of age and context numbers were assigned to each layer and feature in the test units. Measurements were made using the metric system, the standard recording practice of the Department of Archeological Research. All excavated soil was sifted through one-quarter-inch (0.64 cm) mesh screens. Plan views of features and soil profiles were drawn for the test units.

An arbitrary datum was placed adjacent to the west corner of the main Group Arrivals Building. A grid was set up over this datum, which was assigned the coordinates 1000 N /1000 E. The grid was oriented on the same northwest to southeast axis as the entire Visitor Center complex. Test units were excavated in six areas around the Visitor Center. Test areas were selected based on the levelness of the terrain; steep ravines are considered unlikely habitation areas. As a result only areas where the slope was less than thirty degrees were explored. Sites located during the course of the survey were assigned temporary designation numbers between 1 and 5. Each site will be renamed upon receipt of state archaeological site numbers assigned by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources.

Assigned the designation Area A, the first area investigated lay north of the Group Arrivals Building and the Child Care Center. Six test units were excavated in a line running grid west from the datum. Fifteen additional units were excavated running grid north to south directly west of the Child Care Center. Three further units were excavated running grid east just north of the Child Care Center (Figure 2).

Testing in Area B consisted of nine units excavated in a line along the grid northeast of the Child Care Center. Two additional units were excavated on either side of the southern end of this line when artifacts indicated a site was located in this area.

16

Figure 2. Areas A, B, and C.

The area investigated south of the Group Arrivals Building had the most complex array of test units. This area was designated Area C and involved the excavation of thirty-four test units. A line of eight test units was excavated seventy meters grid south of the datum. Running grid east from the unit along this line at grid coordinate 870 N, sixteen test units were excavated. Two additional north to south lines were excavated along this line at grid coordinates 1045 E and at 1115 E. These lines had four and seven additional units respectively.

Area D was located parallel to the perimeter road along the southeast side of the Blue Parking Lot adjacent to the Visitor Center and was not tied in with the site grid (Figure 3). These twenty-one units were tied into two Colonial Parkway highway markers and the southwest corner of a traffic island located at the intersection of three perimeter roads.

The next area tested was designated Area E and comprised the landscaped areas directly northeast of the main Visitor Center Building and directly southwest of this structure.

The final area tested included the land surrounding the Red Parking Lot which is also known as the auxiliary parking lot. Five transects were completed around the parking lot area which was designated Area F (Figure 4).

17

Figure 3. Areas D and E.

Figure 4. Area F.

18

Laboratory Procedures

All artifacts were washed and conserved at the D.A.R. Laboratory. Artifacts were identified and then catalogued using the archeological database program Re:discovery.

Artifact Storage

All artifacts recovered during this testing are stored at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation's Department of Archaeological Research.

19

Chapter 4.
Site Descriptions and Recommendations

Area A: No Archaeological Sites

Area A is located north of the Group Arrivals Building and the Child Care Center. No sites were uncovered in this area. In units excavated along a transect grid west of the Group Arrivals Building, the stratigraphy consisted of a shallow (4 cm) sandy loam topsoil layer and much deeper modern fill layers. The modern fill layers varied in composition. The unit at 990 N/1000 E contained a very deep construction layer (57-65 cm) comprised of a sandy clay matrix with construction debris including slate, brick, modern ceramic tile, wire nails, concrete, marl and charcoal. An armored cable was uncovered running north to south along the west edge of the unit in this layer. Below the sandy clay layer was a 32-cm-deep light yellowish brown silty sand layer that transitioned to subsoil. No artifacts were recovered from this layer. Other units in this line also contained modern sandy clay fill with similar modern artifacts (concrete, non-leaded glass, brick, an adhesive sterile bandage, a tiparillo, etc.) all the way down the ravine slope to within ten meters of the stream.

The units running along a grid north to south transect adjacent to the Child Care Center (contexts 17-34) had a shallow (5-11 cm) topsoil and a deeper brownish yellow sandy loam layer. Bog iron was the only material recovered from these units. Units further south (contexts 35-38) defined the northern extent of fill deposits along this slope. The three units placed along the 1120 N grid line at 950, 939.5, and 929.5 E, also had shallow topsoil. The second layer in these units consisted of a very pale brown silty clay. One piece of fire cracked rock was the only artifact recovered from these units beyond several pieces of bog iron.

It is recommended that no further archaeological work be conducted in Area A. The soil here is highly disturbed due to previous construction activities associated with the Visitors Center complex.

Area B: Site 1

Survey work at Area B located a potential early nineteenth-century site. Assigned temporary designation Site 1, it contained one piece of white-ware (post-1820), wine bottle glass, slate, and several pieces of brick. These artifacts were recovered from the four southernmost units in Area B. The stratigraphy in these units consisted of a shallow sandy loam topsoil and a yellowish brown silt loam. Units further north along the transect were excavated in a shallow ravine. No artifacts were recovered from these units and the stratigraphy differed greatly from that found in the southern units, which contained a very humic topsoil layer overlaying a very deep (1.5 meters +) brownish yellow sandy loam layer. The topography and soil profile in this ravine implies that this may be an old stream bed. The three northernmost units in this transect were excavated on a terrace bounded by the possible streambed and a water filled ravine to the north. One piece of window glass was recovered from these units and the stratigraphy was very similar to that found in the units south of the stream bed. No features were identified.

It is recommended that the site located in the southern portion of Area B should undergo a Phase II evaluation before construction work commences at the Visitor Center in order to determine the boundaries and integrity of this site.

Area C: Sites 2 and 3

The survey of Area C located two new archaeological sites, including one prehistoric site (Site 2) and one early nineteenth-century site (Site 3). Four transects were excavated across this area. The survey in this area began with a transect running grid south along the 1115 E line from the 900 N line. Several features were unearthed in units along this line. In the unit at 890 N/1115 E the northwest corner of a possible structural post hole (at least 33 by 35 centimeters) was revealed. Ten meters south of this unit another large feature was uncovered running into the west and south walls of the unit. The exposed portion of this ovate feature measures 37 by 17 centimeters. Yet another ovate feature was located in the unit twenty meters to the south. This feature ran into the south and east walls of the unit and measured thirty by twelve centimeters. In the unit ten meters to the south a linear feature ten cm in width was revealed that stretched from the southwest corner into the east wall. Stratigraphy in this area included a 7-10 cm topsoil layer overlying a 12-20 cm yellowish brown sandy loam plowzone. Artifacts recovered from the units in this transect included white-ware, brick, and unidentifiable ceramic, iron and lead pieces.

The second transect in Area C was excavated along the 1000 east line and included eight units. Stratigraphy here included a 10-12 cm humus topsoil layer and a 18-24 cm light reddish brown silty loam. The only artifacts recovered from these units were brick chips, one nail and four oyster shells toward the southern end of the transect. These artifacts were recovered from the two units immediately south of the Group Arrivals Building Facilities and may be associated with the construction of this facility. Sixteen units comprised a west to east transect that ran along the 870 N line from the 1000 E line to 1165 E. Artifacts associated with a prehistoric occupation of this terrace were recovered from the units excavated at 1020 E to the end of the transect. These artifacts included one oyster, nine quartzite pebbles, one piece of quartzite fire cracked rock, a quartzite drill, four pieces of quartzite debitage, and one piece of worked quartzite. This site may date to the Archaic Period (10,000-3000 BP). Several pieces of bog iron and one piece of unidentifiable iron were also recovered. In the units that adjoined the transect along the 1115 E line one white-ware sherd and a piece of wine bottle glass was recovered. The final transect included four units excavated toward the south along the 1045 E line beginning at 860 N. Bog iron and one piece of quartzite were the only artifacts recovered here.

It is recommended that both sites in Area C undergo a Phase II evaluation prior to the commencement of construction activities for the Visitor Center expansion and refurbishment.

21

Area D: Site 4

The survey at Area D involved the excavation of twenty-two units roughly parallel to the perimeter road for the Blue Parking Lot adjacent to the Visitor Center Building. Site 4 was located in this area and dates to the mid-eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries. No features were found during this part of the survey, but the largest quantity of artifacts recovered during the entire survey were found along this transect. Artifacts were unearthed all along the entire transect, but were more concentrated toward the middle. Domestic artifacts found here include refined earthenware, white-ware, creamware, pearlware, Fulham stoneware, table glass, pharmaceutical glass, wine bottle glass and colored glass. Architectural remains included wrought nails, window glass, and brick. The only faunal remains found were several oyster shells. Three quartzite stones and three pieces of quartzite debitage may indicate that Site 4 contains a small prehistoric component. The stratigraphy in this area included a 4-12 cm reddish brown sandy loam topsoil and a 15-35 cm thick light red sandy loam plowzone. A pine needle mat covered the topsoil while the underlying porous soil resulted in a very dry plowzone.

It is recommended that Site 4 undergo a Phase II evaluation before construction work begins at the Visitor Center. This site is relatively close to the slave quarter site (44WB90) currently under investigation by the D.A.R. There is a high potential that sites similar to 44WB90 are located in this area.

Area E: No Sites

The next area of investigation was designated Area E. It was located in a landscaped clearing northeast of the Visitor Center and southwest of Commonwealth Hall. Another clearing southwest of the Visitor Center was also investigated.

Area E was very disturbed due to the landscaping activities. No features or artifacts were uncovered in these four units. Stratigraphy consisted of a sod/topsoil layer overlying a sandy clay subsoil.

No further archaeological work is recommended for this area as landscaping disturbances seem to be deep and complete.

Area F: Site 5

Survey transects were completed across five terraces surrounding the auxiliary parking lot west of the Visitor Center. The investigation of Terrace 1 included the excavation of eight 50-by-50-cm excavation units and 36 standard shovel test pits. Five rows of units were excavated in an east to west direction across Terrace 1. Artifacts recovered in this area included net impressed Native American ceramics, one burned Native American ceramic sherd, fire cracked rock, brick, mortar, wine bottle glass, white-ware, a nail fragment and coal. The fire cracked rock and the Native American ceramics indicate that this terrace harbored a Native American encampment at one time. This site was designated as Site 5. The Native American artifacts were found in a silty loam matrix in an area that seemed to be undisturbed by plowing or any other more recent events. The nineteenth-century artifacts were recovered in STPs and test units located immediately adjacent to the parking lot. The sandy loam soil layer that they were found in is most likely fill either brought from another location or it is the result of earthmoving activities relating to the construction of the auxiliary parking lot. Units varied from 21 to 52 centimeters in depth.

Ten STPs were excavated at ten meter intervals in three north to south rows in Terrace 2. Terrace 2 was located at the north end of the auxiliary parking lot. Six test pits were excavated in an area cleared for a power line right-of-way. Ravines were located on the north, east and west sides of Terrace 2. No artifacts were recovered here. Tract 3 was located in a terrace inside a traffic circle used by Colonial Williamsburg buses to drop off visitors at the Red Parking Lot. The stratigraphy was very disturbed probably due to parking lot construction activities. Seven STPs were excavated at ten meter intervals and no artifacts were found at Terrace 3. Terrace 4 included two STPs and was located on a terrace at the south end of the auxiliary parking area. Again the stratigraphy was disturbed and no artifacts were recovered. The final area investigated was designated Tract 5 and was located on a small terrace at the northeast corner of the parking lot. Two STPs were excavated and no artifacts were recovered.

As current plans involve the removal of the parking lot and reforesting this area no further archaeological work is recommended. However it is imperative that if any redevelopment of this area be considered a Phase II assessment of Site 5 should be implemented.

Future Research

The impending construction project to renovate the Visitor Center will adversely impact both prehistoric and historic sites in this area. Phase II assessments should be implemented well before construction begins to assess these resources and incorporate the results into development design. Recommendations for each site are as follows:

• 1. Site 1 is an early nineteenth-century site located north of the Child Care Center parking lot. The site should undergo a Phase II assessment in order to determine the size, integrity, and significance of this occupation.
• 2. Site 2 is a prehistoric site that may date to the Archaic Period. As part of Area C the site is located southeast of the Group Arrivals Building and south of a picnic area off the exit road to this facility. The site should undergo a Phase II assessment in order to determine the size, integrity, and significance of this occupation.
• 3. Site 3 dates to the early nineteenth century. As part of Area C the site is located southeast of the Group Arrivals Building and south of a picnic area off the exit road to this facility. The site should undergo a Phase II assessment in order to determine the size, integrity, and significance of this occupation.
• 4. Site 4 dates to mid eighteenth to the early nineteenth century and is located adjacent to the perimeter road for the Visitor Center's Blue Parking Lot. The site should undergo a Phase II assessment in order to determine the size, integrity, and significance of this occupation.
• 5. Site 5 is a prehistoric Native American site revealed in Area F northwest of the Red Parking Lot. The site will not be disturbed by construction activities as currently planned. No further work is recommended for this site as long as current construction plans are not changed to impact this area.
• 6. Current plans included significant modifications to the Green and Blue Parking Lots north and south of the Visitor Center. During this process the Department of Archaeological Research should be present to monitor any adverse affects to archaeological remains lying below the present parking lot.

Continued historical and archaeological research associated with the Palace Lands will provide an opportunity to understand the forces that shaped the landscape surrounding the colonial capital. Furthermore, these sites may be associated with enslaved Africans living and working on land specifically designated to maintain the governor's household. This research has the potential to greatly benefit Colonial Williamsburg's interpretation of slave life in eighteenth-century Williamsburg.

24 25

Bibliography

Atkins, Stephen. C.

1994

An Archaeological Perspective on the African-American Slave Diet at Mount Vernon's House for Families. M.A. thesis, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg.

Barfield, Eugene B., and Michael B. Barber

1992

Archaeological and Ethnographic Evidence of Subsistence in Virginia During the Late Woodland Period. In Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges, pp. 225-248. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

Blanton, Dennis B., and Patricia Kandle

1997

Comprehensive Archaeological Survey of Jamestown Island. Jamestown Archaeological Assessment Technical Report Series. Colonial National Historical Park, National Park Service, Yorktown.

Bowen, Joanne

1994

Slavery at Mount Vernon: A Dietary Analysis. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Conference, Washington, D.C.

Custer, Jay F.

1990

Early and Middle Archaic Cultures of Virginia: Culture Change and Continuity. In Early and Middle Archaic Research in Virginia, edited by Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen Hodges, pp. 1-60. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

Cooper, Margaret W.

1997

Phase II Archaeological Investigation: Site 44WB90 Williamsburg, Virginia. Department of Archaeological Research, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg.

Franklin, Maria

1998

Personal communication.

1997

Out of Site, Out of Mind: The Archaeology of an Enslaved Virginian Household, c. 1740-1778. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

Geier, Clarence R.

1990

The Early and Middle Archaic Periods: Material Culture and Technology. In Early and Middle Archaic Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges, pp. 81-98. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

Gibbs, Patricia

1980

"The Palace Lands 1700-1790." Manuscript on file, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, Williamsburg.

Hodges, Mary Ellen N.

1990

The Late Archaic and Early Woodland Periods in Virginia: Interpretation and Explanation Within an Eastern Context. In Late Archaic and Early Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges, pp. 221-242. The Dietz Press, Richmond. 26

McLearen, Douglas C.

1991

Virginia's Middle Woodland Period: A Regional Perspective. In Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges, pp. 39-64. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

Metz, John, Jennifer Jones, Dwayne Pickett and David Muraca

1994

"Upon the Palisido" and Other Stories of Place from Bruton Heights. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg.

Mouer, Daniel L.

1993

The Formative Transition in Virginia. In Late Archaic and Early Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges, pp. 1-88. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

Pickett, Dwayne W.

1995

Phase I/II Archaeological Investigations of the Palace Pasture: Lot 178 in Block 34 of Colonial Williamsburg's Historic Area. Report on file, Department of Archaeological Research, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg.

1996

Phase I Archaeological Survey of an Eighteen Acre Tract Adjacent to Colonial Williamsburg's Visitor Center. Report on file, Department of Archaeological Research, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg.

Reinhart, Theodore R.

1989

Paleoindians in Virginia: A North American Perspective. In Paleoindian Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by J. Mark Wittofski and Theodore R. Reinhart, pp. 157-176. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

Stewart, Michael R.

1990

Observations on the Middle Woodland Period of Virginia: A Middle Atlantic Region Perspective. In Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by Theodre R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges, pp. 1-38. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

Tyler, Lyon Gardiner

1915

Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Volume II. Lewis Historical Publishing Company, New York..

Turner, E. Randolph, III

1989

Paleoindian Settlement Patterns and Population Distribution in Virginia. In Paleoindian Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by J. Mark Wittofski and Theodore R. Reinhart, pp. 71-94. The Dietz Press, Richmond.

1992

The Virginia Coastal Plain During the Late Woodland Period. In Middle and Late Woodland Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by Theodore R. Reinhart and Mary Ellen N. Hodges, pp. 97-136. The Dietz Press, Richmond

Yentsch, Anne

1993

A Chesapeake Family and Their Slaves. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

27

Appendix A. 1998 Visitor Center Phase III Interim Report,

by Maria Franklin

Large-scale excavations of a slave quarter (44WB90) were conducted by archaeology field school students under the direction of Dr. Maria Franklin between May and August 1998. The Phase III excavation results described here are intended as an update of the ongoing archaeological investigation. Excavations on this site will continue during the summer of 1999 with field school students from the University of Texas at Austin.

Documentary research has tied site 44WB90 to a 35-acre parcel sold to Lt. Governor Fauquier by Mathew Moody in 1760, which was eventually absorbed into the Governor's Palace property (Figure 5). Moody was ferry keeper at Capitol Landing and operated a tavern at this vigorous trade and tobacco shipping site. Governor Fauquier had increased the size of the parcel to 87 acres by the time of his death eight years later. The Council purchased the parcel from his estate and 200 acres were added during either Botetourt or Dunmore's tenure bringing the total acreage to 364. In documents this area is referred to as the "park" and on Desandrouin's 1781 map it shows that the land was cleared, meaning it was used as either as a pasture or for cultivation.

Figure 5. Map depicting land ownership.

28

Figure 6. Brick hearth at 44WB90.

The combination of artifactual and documentary evidence associated with site 44WB90 lead to an in-depth investigation of the site by archaeologists during the 1998 summer digging season. Archaeological evidence uncovered during the Phase II assessment included a brick hearth and a light concentration of eighteenth-century artifacts (Figure 6). Over the course of the summer, approximately 50 two-by-two meter excavation units were opened surrounding the hearth with the goal of defining the house boundaries. A large number of features were unearthed, but none pointed directly to the size or construction of the structure associated with the hearth; however, a substantial number of other features were located in this area. These features included a subterranean pit approximately 1.5 x 1.5 meters square that lay just north of the hearth (Figure 7). Artifacts recovered from the pit fill strongly indicate that enslaved Virginians resided here. A wide variety of ceramics including creamware, delftware, white salt-glazed stoneware, Jackfield ware, porcelain,
Figure 7. 44WB90 site plan. Fulham, Whielden ware, and Buckley were recovered. Other foodways-related objects included bone-handled utensils, pewter spoons, wine bottle and wine bottle glass fragments, and even two coffee pot lids. A high number of well-preserved metal artifacts were also uncovered, including scissors, thimbles (one child's thimble), and hundreds of copper straight pins. More mundane objects such as tobacco pipe fragments and nails were found alongside finger rings, glass stones used as cuff-link jewels, a bone comb, and a bone syringe. The pit also contained an impressive quantity of buttons, at least 40. Evidence of firearms in the form of lead shot and gunflint were present, as well as horse hardware, and a few work related tools. Interestingly, a wine bottle seal was found with Thomas Everard's name and the year "1768" stamped on the seal. Everard's house stood next to the palace, and he also rented land to the governor.

Additional features reveled during this field season included three lines of post holes and two ditches located south of the hearth. The postholes are most likely associated with fence lines running across the site. The ditches may have either delineated boundaries or were used to drain rainwater from the site. The ditches were partially excavated during this field season and contained architectural debris including much window glass and number of nails. Faunal remains, mirror and bottle glass, and assorted ceramic fragments were also recovered from the ditch fill.

The evidence suggesting the presence of enslaved blacks includes a number of colonoware fragments from both the ditch and the pit. All are shell-tempered, and were once parts of hollow, or bowl, forms. One porringer fragment still has its handle attached. Although scholars continue to disagree over whether local Native Americans made these wares and sold them to blacks, or whether blacks made the pottery for themselves, their common presence on other enslaved African sites provides enough evidence to make the connection in this case.

Additional evidence that enslaved blacks lived at this site comes in the form of the faunal remains retrieved from the pit. A cursory examination of the bones reveals that wild mammals were consumed. Further, fish remains were collected from the waterscreening samples. A number of studies have demonstrated that enslaved Africans and blacks relied on wild species, including a wide variety of fish (Atkins 1994; Bowen 1994; Franklin 1997; Yentsch 1993).

The ditch (tpq 1762) and pit (tpq 1773) were backfilled around the same time, and each contained slave-related artifacts. Mathew Moody or a white tenant was living on the property in the 1750s, and probably owned enslaved blacks. When the property was sold in 1760 to Fauquier, the houses were likely abandoned and the land used as pasture. Yet eight years later the site would become part of the Governor's Palace land, and both Botetourt and Dunmore held slaves. There are a number of possible scenarios that could have existed at site 44WB90 after 1768, such as the raising of livestock, growing subsistence crops, or keeping a stable of horses. What does seem clear is that enslaved blacks lived on this outlying portion of the Palace Lands, probably from the 1750s (or earlier) until the Revolutionary War, when Dunmore's slaves were sold off by the Americans.

30

As mentioned previously, the excavation is scheduled to continue in 1999 with another field school. All of the artifacts found to date have been washed and identified. Further analysis of this material is on hold until the excavation is complete and funding is secured.

31

Appendix B.
Artifact Inventory

Note: Inventory is printed from the Re:discovery cataloguing program used by Colonial Williamsburg, manufactured and sold by Re:discovery Software, Charlottesville, Virginia.

Brief explanation of terms:

Context No.	Arbitrary designation for a particular deposit (layer or feature), consisting of a four-digit "site/area" designation and a five-digit context designation. The site/area for the Visitor Center survey is "33AT."
TPQ	"Date after which" the layer or feature was deposited, based on the artifact with the latest initial manufacture date. This artifact is marked with an "*" in the listing. Deposits without a diagnostic artifact have the designation "NDA," or no date available.
Listing	The individual artifact listing includes the "line number." The next column is the number of fragments or pieces, followed by the description.

32 33

Context No.: 33AT00001 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

IRON ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE

Context No.: 33AT00002 TPQ: 1800

AA	8	BRICK, BRICKETAGE, ONE FRAGMENT IS OVERFIRED.
AB	8	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST, SHALE.
AC	2	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AD	7	CHARCOAL
AE	1	MARL
AF	3	MORTAR, MODERN, SAND-TEMPERED MORTAR., *
AG	1	FRAGMENT, BURNED, WHITE, CHALK-LIKE SUBSTANCE.
AH	10	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, FRAGMENT

Context No.: 33AT00004 TPQ: 1958

AA	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS
AB	1	FRAGMENT, CONCRETE WITH LARGE GRAVEL INCLUSIONS.
AC	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE, MODERN.
AD	1	MORTAR, MODERN, SAND-TEMPERED MORTAR.
AE	1	PLASTIC, FRAGMENT, FRAGMENT OF AN ADHESIVE STERILE BANDAGE.
AF	1	PLASTIC, OTHER HARDWARE, A "TIPARILLO," OR PLASTIC CIGAR MOUTHPIECE., *
AG	1	CERAMIC, FRAGMENT, UNIDENTIFIED CERAMIC WITH MULTIPLE INCLUSIONS, POSSIBLY ARCHITECTURAL IN NATURE.

Context No.: 33AT00009 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	CERAMIC, FRAGMENT, UNIDENTIFIED CERAMIC WITH INCLUSIONS, POSSIBLY ARCHITECTURAL IN NATURE.
AB	2	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS, *
AC	2	BRICK, BRICKETAGE, MODERN.
AD	1	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST, SHALE.
AE	1	MORTAR, MODERN, SAND-TEMPERED MORTAR.
AF	1	FRAGMENT, BURNED, FIBER OR HAIR IS VISIBLE IN THE CROSS-SECTION. PERHAPS A BURNED PIECE OF PLASTER.
AG	1	IRON ALLOY, SPALL
AH	1	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE

Context No.: 33AT00011 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	GLASS, COLORED GLASS, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER, *
AB	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE, MODERN.
AC	1	OTHER INORGANIC, PACKAGE/WRAP, SILVER.
AD	3	MORTAR, MODERN, SAND-TEMPERED MORTAR.
AE	3	OTHER INORGANIC, FRAGMENT, UNIDENTIFIED, CONCRETIOUS SUBSTANCES--POSSIBLY SOME TYPE OF MODERN MORTAR.
AF	3	TIN ALLOY, FRAGMENT, SHEET METAL.
AG	1	IRON ALLOY, SPALL
AH	1	IRON ALLOY, WIRE
AI	2	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, 2 TO 4 IN, WIRE

Context No.: 33AT00012 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

SLAG/CLINKER

Context No.: 33AT00013 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

FRAGMENT, CONCRETE WITH LARGE GRAVEL INCLUSIONS.

34

Context No.: 33AT00018 TPQ: NDA

AA

4

OTHER INORGANIC, FRAGMENT, SIMILAR IN COMPOSITION TO MODERN, SAND-TEMPERED MORTAR, BUT DENSER AND DARKER IN COLOR.

Context No.: 33AT00019 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	BOG IRON
AB	1	IRON ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE

Context No.: 33AT00021 TPQ: NDA

AA

9

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00024 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AB	12	BOG IRON
AC	8	OTHER INORGANIC, FRAGMENT, SMALL, DENSE FRAGMENTS OF CLAY WITH MULTIPLE INCLUSIONS.

Context No.: 33AT00028 TPQ: NDA

AA

87

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00040 TPQ: NDA

AA

7

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00042 TPQ: NDA

AA

22

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00052 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

STONE, FIRE-CRACK ROCK

Context No.: 33AT00054 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00058 TPQ: 1820

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PROBABLY AN EARLY, TRANSITIONAL PIECE BETWEEN PEARLWARE AND WHITEWARE., *
AB	1	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AC	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00060 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	BURNED CLAY
AB	2	BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00062 TPQ: NDA

AA	3	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	1	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST, SHALE.

Context No.: 33AT00068 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS

35

Context No.: 33AT00070 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE, OVERFIRED.
AB	1	BOG IRON
AC	2	SLAG/CLINKER

Context No.: 33AT00072 TPQ: 1650

AA

1

GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE, *

Context No.: 33AT00075 TPQ: 1967

AA	1	ALUMINUM, CAN CLOSURE, PULL-TAB.
AB	1	ALUMINUM, CAN CLOSURE, POP-TOP., *

Context No.: 33AT00078 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS, POSSIBLY FROSTED ON EXTERIOR SURFACE., *
AB	2	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AC	1	IRON ALLOY, SPALL

Context No.: 33AT00081 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	1	BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00093 TPQ: 1820

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, *
AB	2	BOG IRON
AC	1	LEAD ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE

Context No.: 33AT00094 TPQ: 1980

AA	1	PLASTIC, FRAGMENT, WHITE, FRAGMENT OF A WHITE PLASTIC GARBAGE BAG TIE WITH SERRATED EDGES., *
AB	3	BOG IRON
AC	1	IRON ALLOY, FRAGMENT, FRAGMENT

Context No.: 33AT00095 TPQ: NDA

AA

5

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00096 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00097 TPQ: NDA

AA

4

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00098 TPQ: NDA

AA

3

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00099 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	CERAMIC, FRAGMENT
AB	1	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AC	5	BOG IRON

36

Context No.: 33AT00100 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

BURNED CLAY

Context No.: 33AT00101 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	OTHER INORGANIC, PACKAGE/WRAP, SILVER.
AB	2	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AC	3	SLAG/CLINKER

Context No.: 33AT00106 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	1	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, FRAGMENT

Context No.: 33AT00110 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	1	SHELL, SHELL, OYSTER

Context No.: 33AT00115 TPQ: NDA

AA

3

BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00117 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	BOG IRON
AB	1	SHELL, FRAGMENT, OYSTER

Context No.: 33AT00119 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	SHELL, FRAGMENT, OYSTER
AB	2	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00120 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST, MEASURES (AT GREATEST POINT) ROUGHLY 8 1/2 X 7 1/4 X 2 1/4; FLATTENED AT TOP AND BOTTOM; DEFINATELY MANUPORT, POSSIBLY ARCHITECTURAL

Context No.: 33AT00121 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	SHELL, FRAGMENT, OYSTER
AB	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00127 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

QUARTZITE, PREFORM, WORKED, FRAGMENT

Context No.: 33AT00135 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	IRON ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE
AB	1	QUARTZITE, FIRE-CRACK ROCK
AC	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST, HIGHLY ERODED CORTEX

Context No.: 33AT00136 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	BOG IRON
AB	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST, ANG/BLOCKY FRAG
AC	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST, COBBLE - POSSIBLE MANUPORT

37

Context No.: 33AT00138 TPQ: NDA

AA	4	BOG IRON
AB	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00142 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

QUARTZITE, DEBITAGE, FLAKE FRAG/SHAT, WORKED

Context No.: 33AT00150 TPQ: 1940

AA	0	QUARTZITE, DEBITAGE, FLAKE FRAG/SHAT, WORKED, BURNED
AB	1	QUARTZITE, DEBITAGE, ANG/BLOCKY FRAG, BURNED - POSSIBLY CULTURAL

Context No.: 33AT00151 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	QUARTZITE, DRILL, WORKED, IN TWO PARTS
AB	1	QUARTZITE, DEBITAGE, FLAKE FRAG/SHAT, WORKED
AC	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AD	7	BOG IRON
AE	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00155 TPQ: 1962

AA	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	2	ALUMINUM, CLOSURE, PULL TAB CAN, *
AC	1	IRON ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE, SCRAP

Context No.: 33AT00156 TPQ: 1962

AA	7	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	3	MORTAR, MORTAR, SHELL
AC	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AD	1	PLASTIC, FRAGMENT
AE	2	CELLOPHANE, FRAGMENT
AF	3	ALUMINUM, CLOSURE, PULL TAB, *

Context No.: 33AT00157 TPQ: 1892

AA	2	IRON ALLOY, CLOSURE, CROWN CAP, FRAGMENT, *
AB	1	IRON ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE, QUITE PROBABLY BOG IRON
AC	1	PLASTIC, DISC

Context No.: 33AT00158 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE

Context No.: 33AT00162 TPQ: 1947

AA	2	CELLOPHANE, FRAGMENT
AB	4	PLASTIC, FRAGMENT, LETTERING/NUMB, 1 - Try BonTon SNACK FOO...; 2 - POTATO STICKS/ WAFFLE CHIPS/BAR-B-Q CHIPS/GREEN ONION CHIPS/ CHEESE FLIPS/...(R) CORN; 3 - P(O) / CH.../NET WT. 3/4 OZ./ 21 GRAMS/bar code/ ...ANUFACTURED BY/...ON FOODS, INC./...WASHINGTON.../ INGREDIENTS POTATOES, VEGETABLE OIL, COTTONSEED AND/OR PEANUT OIL), SALT/REG. PENNA.REP0.../C P7AG, POTATO SHIP BAG, NOW IN FOUR PIECES/ PROBABLY DATES TO MID-70'S OR LATER DUE TO BAR CODE ON BOX
AC	7	ALUMINUM, FRAGMENT, PAPER BACKED GUM FOIL WRAPPER, *
AD	20	BOG IRON

38

Context No.: 33AT00163 TPQ: 1820

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PAINTED UNDER, GREEN, *
AB	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AC	22	OTHER INORGANIC, BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00164 TPQ: 1962

AA	1	ALUMINUM, CLOSURE, SODA CAN PULL TAB, *
AB	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00165 TPQ: 1935

AA

17

GLASS, COLORED GLASS, FRAGMENT, BOTTLE, CLR APPL LABEL, MACHINE-MADE, POLYCHROME, LETTERING/NUMB, color applied label obverse - crown atop RC/ 10F.../OZS; reverse - crown atop ROYAL/CROWN/C...A/OZS; base - G 1893A 10 (I in circle) 88 1, NEARLY COMPLETE IF PIECED TOGETHER, *

Context No.: 33AT00166 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

OTHER INORGANIC, ELEC HARDWARE, MACHINE-MADE, 1950'S STYLE HEAVY-DUTY HOUSEHOLD WIRING

Context No.: 33AT00168 TPQ: NDA

AA

2

QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00170 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	OTHER INORGANIC, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AB	1	IRON ALLOY, UNID HARDWARE

Context No.: 33AT00171 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER

Context No.: 33AT00172 TPQ: 1775

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, REFINED EW, FRAGMENT, LEAD GLAZE, CLEAR/UNCOLORED, *
AB	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS
AC	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AD	1	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AE	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AF	1	COAL, COAL

Context No.: 33AT00176 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	STONEWARE, FULHAM SW, FRAGMENT, WHEEL THROWN
AB	4	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AC	2	SHELL, SHELL, OYSTER
AD	1	QUARTZITE, DEBITAGE, FLAKE FRAG/SHAT
AE	2	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED

Context No.: 33AT00180 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT
AB	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, PHARM BOTTLE, MULTI-PC MOLD, LEIGHTON'S PATENT, *
AC	1	GLASS, COLORED GLASS, FRAGMENT, BOTTLE, MULTI-PC MOLD, GREEN, LETTERING/NUMB, ...R...
AD	1	GLASS, COLORED GLASS, FRAGMENT, BOTTLE, GREEN
AE	3	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AF	1	QUARTZITE, DEBITAGE, FLAKE FRAG/SHAT
AG	1	COAL, CHARCOAL
AH	1	SHELL, SHELL, OYSTER
AI	1	OTHER INORGANIC, BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00182 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

IRON ALLOY, NAIL, WROUGHT/FORGED, FRAGMENT

Context No.: 33AT00183 TPQ: 1912

AA	2	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	1	RUBBER, FRAGMENT
AC	2	CELLOPHANE, FRAGMENT, *

Context No.: 33AT00184 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

QUARTZ, DEBITAGE, FLAKE FRAG/SHAT

Context No.: 33AT00186 TPQ: 1864

AA

1

GLASS, COLORED GLASS, FRAGMENT, BOTTLE, GREEN, LEIGHTON'S PATENT, *

Context No.: 33AT00187 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS, PRESSED, *
AB	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, CONTAINER

Context No.: 33AT00190 TPQ: 1762

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, CREAMWARE, FRAGMENT, PRESS MOLDED, *
AB	2	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE
AC	3	COAL, COAL
AD	3	SHELL, SHELL, OYSTER, FRAGMENT
AE	2	COAL, CHARCOAL
AF	10	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AG	1	OTHER INORGANIC, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00192 TPQ: 1750

AA	1	GLASS, COLORED GLASS, FRAGMENT, BOTTLE, MULTI-PC MOLD, AQUA, PROBABLY 19TH CENTURY, *
AB	3	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS
AC	3	BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00193 TPQ: NDA

AA

2

COAL, COAL

Context No.: 33AT00198 TPQ: 1780

AA

1

REFINED EARTHEN, PEARLWARE, FRAGMENT, SHELL EDGE, PRESS MOLDED, BLUE, *

Context No.: 33AT00199 TPQ: 1912

AA

2

CELLOPHANE, FRAGMENT, *

40

Context No.: 33AT00205 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	IRON ALLOY, BOG IRON
AB	11	IRON ALLOY, BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00216 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

GRANITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00220 TPQ: NDA

AA

3

GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINDOW GLASS

Context No.: 33AT00502 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	GLASS, FRAGMENT, WINE BOTTLE
AB	3	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AC	2	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, WROUGHT/FORGED, FRAGMENT

Context No.: 33AT00504 TPQ: 1828

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, PRESS MOLDED, RED, *
AB	5	BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00506 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	CERAMIC, NATIVE AMER POT, FRAGMENT, NET IMPRESSED, CRUSHED QUARTZ/SAND TEMPERED - MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD
AB	2	QUARTZITE, DEBITAGE, SEC/THIN FLAKE, WORKED
AD	2	QUARTZITE, FIRE-CRACK ROCK

Context No.: 33AT00510 TPQ: NDA

AA	5	WOOD, CHARCOAL
AB	1	QUARTZITE, CORE
AC	2	QUARTZITE, FIRE-CRACK ROCK

Context No.: 33AT00514 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	1	OTHER INORGANIC, BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00515 TPQ: NDA

AA	3	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	1	OTHER ORGANIC, OTHER HARDWARE, SKEET

Context No.: 33AT00516 TPQ: NDA

AA	7	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	4	COAL, COAL

Context No.: 33AT00517 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

COAL, COAL

Context No.: 33AT00518 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

SANDSTONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00521 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

SANDSTONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

41

Context No.: 33AT00522 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00523 TPQ: NDA

AA

4

OTHER INORGANIC, BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00525 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	COAL, COAL
AB	1	BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00527 TPQ: NDA

AA

20

CERAMIC, NATIVE AMER POT, FRAGMENT, NET IMPRESSED, COIL BUILT, CRUSHED QUARTZ/PEBBLE TEMPER; BURNED INTERIOR; MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD - PRINCE GEORGE TYPE

Context No.: 33AT00528 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	COAL, COAL
AB	1	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST

Context No.: 33AT00532 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	2	WOOD, CHARCOAL
AC	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST
AD	2	STONE, MISC/UNMODIF ST, SHALE

Context No.: 33AT00539 TPQ: NDA

AA	1	SHELL, SHELL, OYSTER
AB	1	COAL, COAL

Context No.: 33AT00554 TPQ: 1885

AA	1	SLATE, SLATE
AB	1	LEAD ALLOY, ELEC HARDWARE, *

Context No.: 33AT00556 TPQ: 1820

AA	1	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, PRINTED UNDER, PRESS MOLDED, BLUE, *
AB	4	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AC	1	COAL, COAL

Context No.: 33AT00558 TPQ: NDA

AA

1

BRICK, BRICKETAGE

Context No.: 33AT00559 TPQ: 1820

AA	2	REFINED EARTHEN, WHITEWARE, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED, PRESS MOLDED, *
AB	1	PORCELAIN, CH PORCELAIN, FRAGMENT, UNDECORATED, WHEEL THROWN
AC	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, TABLE GLASS
AD	1	GLASS, COLORED GLASS, FRAGMENT, BOTTLE, AQUA
AE	3	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AF	1	WOOD, CHARCOAL
AG	1	SLATE, SLATE
AH	1	SHELL, SHELL, OYSTER
AI	1	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, LESS THAN 2 IN, WROUGHT/FORGED
AJ	1	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, WROUGHT/FORGED, FRAGMENT

Context No.: 33AT00560 TPQ: NDA

AA	2	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	2	COAL, COAL
AC	1	SHELL, MARL
AD	1	OTHER INORGANIC, BOG IRON

Context No.: 33AT00561 TPQ: 1899

AA	3	OTHER INORGANIC, SLAG/CLINKER
AB	2	COAL, COAL
AC	4	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AD	2	MORTAR, CEMENT, PORTLAND, *

Context No.: 33AT00562 TPQ: 1860

AA	4	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AB	1	COAL, COAL
AC	1	IRON ALLOY, NAIL, WIRE, FRAGMENT, *

Context No.: 33AT00563 TPQ: 1864

AA	1	COARSE EARTHEN, COARSEWARE, FRAGMENT, LEAD GLAZE, NOT LOCAL
AB	1	GLASS, CLRLESS NON-LD, FRAGMENT, BOTTLE, *
AC	1	GLASS, COLORED GLASS, FRAGMENT, BOTTLE, GREEN
AD	2	BRICK, BRICKETAGE
AE	1	MORTAR, MORTAR, SHELL
AF	1	QUARTZITE, MISC/UNMODIF ST